WBTC
WBTC

Wrapped Bitcoin-Preis

$94.006,53
+$4.187,70
(+4,66 %)
Preisänderung der letzten 24 Stunden
USDUSD
Was denken Sie heute über den WBTC-Kurs?
Teilen Sie uns Ihre Meinung mit: Daumen nach oben, wenn Sie BTC und seinen Wert positiv sehen, oder Daumen nach unten, wenn Sie ihn negativ einschätzen.
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Haftungsausschluss

Der soziale Inhalt auf dieser Seite („Inhalt”), einschließlich, aber nicht beschränkt auf Tweets und Statistiken, die von LunarCrush bereitgestellt werden, stammt von Dritten und wird „wie er ist” ausschließlich zu Informationszwecken bereitgestellt. OKX übernimmt keine Garantie für die Qualität oder Richtigkeit des Inhalts, und der Inhalt spiegelt nicht die Ansichten von OKX wider. Die Inhalte dienen nicht dazu, (i) Anlageberatung oder Empfehlungen zu geben, (ii) ein Angebot oder eine Aufforderung zum Kauf, Verkauf oder Halten digitaler Vermögenswerte darzustellen oder (iii) finanzielle, buchhalterische, rechtliche oder steuerliche Beratung zu leisten. Digitale Assets, einschließlich Stablecoins und NFTs, bergen ein hohes Risiko, können stark schwanken und sogar wertlos werden. Preis und Leistung digitaler Vermögenswerte sind nicht garantiert und können sich ohne Vorankündigung ändern.

OKX gibt keine Anlage- oder Vermögensempfehlungen. Du solltest gut abwägen, ob der Handel und das Halten von digitalen Assets angesichts deiner finanziellen Situation sinnvoll ist. Bei Fragen zu deiner individuellen Situation wende dich bitte an deinen Rechts-/Steuer- oder Anlagenexperten. Weitere Einzelheiten findest du in unseren Nutzungsbedingungen und der Risikowarnung. Durch die Nutzung der Website eines Drittanbieters („TPW“) akzeptieren Sie, dass jegliche Nutzung der TPW den Bedingungen der TPW unterliegt. Sofern nicht ausdrücklich schriftlich angegeben, steht OKX einschließlich seiner verbundenen Unternehmen („OKX“) in keinerlei Verbindung zum Eigentümer oder Betreiber der TPW. Sie stimmen zu, dass OKX nicht für Verluste, Schäden oder sonstige Folgen haftet, die sich aus Ihrer Nutzung der TPW ergeben. Bitte beachte, dass die Nutzung einer TPW zu einem Verlust oder einer Minderung deiner Assets führen kann. Das Produkt ist möglicherweise nicht in allen Ländern verfügbar.

Marktinformationen zu Wrapped Bitcoin

Marktkapitalisierung
Die Marktkapitalisierung wird durch Multiplikation der Umlaufmenge des Coins mit dem letzten Preis berechnet.
Marktkapitalisierung = Umlaufmenge × letzter Preis
Umlaufmenge
Gesamtmenge eines Coins, die auf dem Markt öffentlich verfügbar ist.
Ranking der Marktkapitalisierung
Platzierung des Coins in Bezug auf die Marktkapitalisierung.
Allzeithoch
Höchster Preis, den ein Coin in seiner Handelsgeschichte erreicht hat.
Allzeittief
Niedrigster Preis, den ein Coin in seiner Handelshistorie erreicht hat.
Marktkapitalisierung
$12,11B
Umlaufmenge
128.815 WBTC
100,00 % von
128.815 WBTC
Ranking der Marktkapitalisierung
11
Prüfungen
CertiK
Letzte Prüfung: --
24-Std.-Hoch
$94.708,25
24-Std.-Tief
$89.576,56
Allzeithoch
$109.473,2
-14,13 % (-$15.466,67)
Letzte Aktualisierung: 20. Jan. 2025
Allzeittief
$10.080,60
+832,54 % (+$83.925,93)
Letzte Aktualisierung: 2. Okt. 2020

WBTC-Rechner

USDUSD
WBTCWBTC

Preis von Wrapped Bitcoin heute in USD

Der aktuelle Preis von Wrapped Bitcoin liegt bei $94.006,53. In den letzten 24 Stunden ist Wrapped Bitcoin um +4,66 % gestiegen. Der Coin hat derzeit eine Umlaufmenge von 128.815 WBTC und eine maximale Versorgung von 128.815 WBTC, was eine vollständig verwässerte Marktkapitalisierung von $12,11B ergibt. In der Rangliste der Marktkapitalisierung belegt der Wrapped Bitcoin-Coin derzeit die Position 11. Der Wrapped Bitcoin/USD-Kurs wird in Echtzeit aktualisiert.
Heute
+$4.187,70
+4,66 %
7 Tage
+$10.141,93
+12,09 %
30 Tage
+$6.378,83
+7,27 %
3 Monate
-$9.713,27
-9,37 %

Über Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC)

4.0/5
CyberScope
4.0
16.04.2025
Die angegebene Bewertung ist eine aggregierte Bewertung, die von OKX aus den angegebenen Quellen gesammelt wurde und nur zu Informationszwecken dient. OKX übernimmt keine Garantie für die Qualität oder Richtigkeit der Bewertungen. Es ist nicht beabsichtigt, (i) eine Anlageberatung oder -empfehlung, (ii) ein Angebot oder eine Aufforderung zum Kauf, Verkauf oder Halten von digitalen Vermögenswerten oder (iii) eine Finanz-, Buchhaltungs-, Rechts- oder Steuerberatung anzubieten. Digitale Vermögenswerte, einschließlich Stablecoins und NFTs, sind mit einem hohen Risiko behaftet, ihr Wert kann stark schwanken und sie können sogar wertlos werden. Der Preis und die Wertentwicklung der digitalen Vermögenswerte sind nicht garantiert und können sich ohne vorherige Ankündigung ändern. Ihre digitalen Vermögenswerte sind nicht durch eine Versicherung gegen mögliche Verluste abgedeckt. Historische Renditen sind kein Indikator für zukünftige Renditen. OKX garantiert keine Rendite, Rückzahlung von Kapital oder Zinsen. OKX gibt keine Anlage- oder Vermögensempfehlungen ab. Sie sollten sorgfältig abwägen, ob der Handel mit oder das Halten von digitalen Vermögenswerten angesichts Ihrer finanziellen Situation für Sie geeignet ist. Bitte konsultieren Sie Ihren Rechts-/Steuer-/Anlageexperten, wenn Sie Fragen bezüglich Ihrer individuellen Gegebenheiten haben.
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  • Über Websites von Drittanbietern
    Über Websites von Drittanbietern
    Durch die Nutzung der Website eines Drittanbieters (Third-Party Website, „TPW“) akzeptieren Sie, dass jegliche Nutzung der TPW den Bedingungen der TPW unterliegt und durch diese geregelt wird. Sofern nicht ausdrücklich schriftlich anders angegeben, stehen OKX und seine verbundenen Unternehmen („OKX“) in keiner Weise mit dem Eigentümer oder Betreiber der TPW in Verbindung. Sie erklären sich damit einverstanden, dass OKX nicht für Verluste, Schäden und sonstige Folgen haftet, die sich aus Ihrer Nutzung der TPW ergeben. Bitte beachten Sie, dass die Nutzung einer TPW zu einem Verlust oder einer Minderung Ihres Vermögens führen kann.

Die dezentrale Finanzlandschaft (DeFi) erfreut sich einem rasanten Popularitätsschub und verändert die Art und Weise, wie wir mit traditionellen Finanzsystemen interagieren. Bitcoin (BTC) spielt als nach Marktkapitalisierung weltweit größte Kryptowährung eine entscheidende Rolle. Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) wurde eingeführt, um Benutzern Zugang zur Liquidität und den Vorteilen von Bitcoin innerhalb des DeFi-Ökosystems zu ermöglichen. 

Was ist Wrapped Bitcoin? 

Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) ist ein auf Ethereum basierender Token, der die Liquidität und den Wert von Bitcoin in das Ethereum-Netzwerk und das breitere DeFi-Ökosystem bringen soll. Als ERC-20-Token, der 1:1 an BTC gekoppelt ist, repräsentiert jeder WBTC eine entsprechende Menge an BTC. Dies wird durch ein Depotbankmodell ermöglicht, bei dem zugelassene Depotbanken die BTC in Reserve halten. Durch die Verpackung von BTC in ein ERC-20-Format erhalten Benutzer Zugriff auf die Vielseitigkeit von Ethereum und können BTC nahtlos in einer Vielzahl von DeFi-Anwendungen nutzen.

Das Wrapped Bitcoin-Team 

Das Wrapped Bitcoin-Projekt ist eine Gemeinschaftsarbeit mehrerer branchenführender Akteure. Das Team hinter WBTC besteht aus prominenten Organisationen wie BitGo, Ren und Kyber Network. BitGo fungiert als Hauptverwahrer für Bitcoin-Reserven und gewährleistet die Sicherheit und Integrität der zugrunde liegenden Vermögenswerte. Ren erleichtert den Verpackungsprozess und ermöglicht BTC-Inhabern die Umwandlung ihrer BTC in WBTC. Unterdessen stellt Kyber Network Liquidität für WBTC bereit und ermöglicht so eine nahtlose Integration in das DeFi-Ökosystem. 

Wie funktioniert Wrapped Bitcoin? 

Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) operiert über ein Netzwerk seriöser und geprüfter Depotbanken, die für die Verwaltung der Bitcoin-Reserven verantwortlich sind. Um WBTC zu erhalten, senden Benutzer ihre BTC an eine dieser zugelassenen Depotbanken, die dann eine entsprechende Menge an WBTC im Ethereum-Netzwerk generieren. Die dezentrale Verwahrungslösung von Ren erleichtert diesen Verpackungsprozess. WBTC kann jederzeit gegen BTC eingetauscht werden, wobei die entsprechende Menge an WBTC verbrannt wird.

Wrapped nativer Bitcoin-Token: WBTC 

WBTC ist der native Token des Wrapped Bitcoin-Ökosystems. Es fungiert als ERC-20-Token auf der Ethereum-Blockchain, wodurch es leicht handelbar und mit verschiedenen dezentralen Börsen (DEX), wallets, und decentralized applications (dApps) kompatibel ist. Mit WBTC können Benutzer an DeFi-Protokollen teilnehmen, einschließlich Kreditvergabe, Kreditaufnahme, Liquiditätsbereitstellung und Yield-Farming, und gleichzeitig weiterhin am Wert von Bitcoin interessiert bleiben.

WBTC-Tokenomics 

Das Gesamtangebot an WBTC wird durch die Anzahl der sicher verwahrten BTC-Token bestimmt. Jeder im Umlauf befindliche WBTC-Token repräsentiert eine entsprechende Menge an gespeicherten und verbuchten BTC. Dieser 1:1-Bindungsmechanismus stellt sicher, dass der Wert von WBTC mit dem von BTC übereinstimmt. Regelmäßige Audits, die von Drittfirmen durchgeführt werden, erhöhen die Transparenz weiter und überprüfen die Integrität von WBTC, wodurch die Benutzer hinsichtlich der Depotreserven und der Token-Versorgung beruhigt werden.

WBTC-Anwendungsfälle 

WBTC eröffnet Bitcoin-Inhabern zahlreiche Möglichkeiten innerhalb des DeFi-Ökosystems. Inhaber können WBTC als Sicherheit für die Ausleihe von Stablecoins oder anderen digitalen Vermögenswerten nutzen und so Liquidität freisetzen, ohne ihre BTC-Bestände verkaufen zu müssen. WBTC kann auch in DEXs zum Handel mit anderen ERC-20-Tokens oder zur Bereitstellung von Liquidität in automatisierten Market Makern (AMM) verwendet werden. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht WBTC BTC-Inhabern den Zugang zu Yield-Farming-Strategien und die Teilnahme an dezentralen Kreditplattformen.

WBTC-Token-Verteilung 

Die Token-Verteilung von WBTC wird in erster Linie durch zugelassene Depotbanken erleichtert, die im Austausch gegen BTC-Einlagen neue WBTC-Token erstellen. Diese Depotbanken unterliegen strengen Compliance- und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen, um die Sicherheit der zugrunde liegenden Vermögenswerte zu gewährleisten. Die Transparenz und Verantwortlichkeit des Depotbankmodells bieten Benutzern Sicherheit, da die verpackten Token auf der Grundlage nachweisbarer Reserven geprägt und eingelöst werden. 

WBTC: Überbrückung der Lücke zwischen Bitcoin und DeFi 

Wrapped Bitcoin hat sich zu einer wichtigen Brücke zwischen Bitcoin und dem auf Ethereum basierenden DeFi-Ökosystem entwickelt. Indem es ermöglicht, dass die Liquidität und der Wert von Bitcoin nahtlos in DeFi-Anwendungen fließen, erweitert WBTC die Fähigkeiten und den Nutzen von BTC und behält gleichzeitig seine 1:1-Anbindung bei. Mit einem vertrauenswürdigen Depotbankmodell, transparenten Tokenomics und einem wachsenden Spektrum an Anwendungsfällen spielt WBTC weiterhin eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Erschließung des Potenzials von Bitcoin und DeFi.

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Häufig gestellte Fragen zum Wrapped Bitcoin-Preis

Was ist Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC)? 

Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) ist ein auf Ethereum basierender Token, der als Darstellung des Wertes von Bitcoin im Ethereum-Netzwerk dient. WBTC wurde von Depotbanken erstellt, die Bitcoin-Reserven halten, und wird im Verhältnis 1:1 ausgegeben, sodass Benutzer auf die Liquidität und den Wert von Bitcoin innerhalb des Ethereum- und größeren DeFi-Ökosystems zugreifen und diese nutzen können. 

Welche Vorteile bietet die Verwendung von WBTC-Tokens? 

WBTC bringt die Liquidität und den Wert von Bitcoin in das Ethereum-Netzwerk und ermöglicht Benutzern den Zugriff auf eine breite Palette von DeFi-Protokollen und -Anwendungen. Es ermöglicht BTC-Inhabern die Teilnahme an DeFi-Plattformen wie Kreditvergabe, Kreditaufnahme, Yield Farming und dezentralen Börsen, während sie gleichzeitig am Wert von Bitcoin beteiligt bleiben. WBTC schließt die Lücke zwischen Bitcoin und Ethereum und ermöglicht den nahtlosen Transport von Werten und Vermögenswerten zwischen den beiden großen Ökosystemen. 

Wo kann ich WBTC-Token kaufen? 

Kaufen Sie ganz einfach WBTC-Token auf der OKX-Kryptowährungsplattform. Zu den verfügbaren Handelspaaren im OKX-Spot-Handelsterminal gehörenWBTC/USDTundWBTC/BTC.

Sie können auch Ihre bestehenden Kryptowährungen tauschen, einschließlichXRP (XRP),Cardano (ADA),Solana (SOL)undChainlink (LINK), für WBTC ohne Gebühren und ohne Preis-Slippage durch NutzungOKX Konvertieren.

Wie viel ist 1 Wrapped Bitcoin heute wert?
Aktuell ist ein Wrapped Bitcoin $94.006,53 wert. Wenn Sie Antworten und Einblicke in das Preisgeschehen von Wrapped Bitcoin suchen, sind Sie hier genau an der richtigen Stelle. Entdecken Sie die neuesten Wrapped Bitcoin-Charts und handeln Sie verantwortungsbewusst mit OKX.
Was ist eine Kryptowährung?
Kryptowährungen, wie etwa Wrapped Bitcoin, sind digitale Vermögenswerte, die auf einem öffentlichen Hauptbuch namens Blockchains betrieben werden. Erfahren Sie mehr über die auf OKX angebotenen Coins und Tokens sowie deren unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften, einschließlich Live-Preisen und Charts in Echtzeit.
Wann wurden Kryptowährungen erfunden?
Dank der Finanzkrise von 2008 ist das Interesse an einem dezentralen Finanzwesen rasant gestiegen. Bitcoin bot als sicherer digitaler Vermögenswert auf einem dezentralen Netzwerk eine neuartige Lösung. Seitdem wurden auch viele andere Token, wie etwa Wrapped Bitcoin, erstellt.
Wird der Preis von Wrapped Bitcoin heute steigen?
Auf unserer Wrapped Bitcoin-Seite für Preisprognosen finden Sie Prognosen zukünftiger Preise und können Ihre Preisziele bestimmen.

ESG-Offenlegung

ESG-Regulierungen (Umwelt, Soziales und Governance) für Krypto-Vermögenswerte zielen darauf ab, ihre Umweltauswirkungen (z. B. energieintensives Mining) zu adressieren, Transparenz zu fördern und ethische Governance-Praktiken zu gewährleisten, um die Krypto-Industrie mit breiteren Nachhaltigkeits- und gesellschaftlichen Zielen in Einklang zu bringen. Diese Vorschriften fördern die Compliance mit Standards, die Risiken mindern und das Vertrauen in digitale Vermögenswerte stärken.
Details zum Vermögenswert
Name
OKcoin Europe LTD
Kennung der relevanten juristischen Person
54930069NLWEIGLHXU42
Name des Krypto-Vermögenswerts
wrapped_bitcoin
Konsensmechanismus
wrapped_bitcoin is present on the following networks: arbitrum, avalanche, ethereum, fantom, moonbeam, near_protocol, optimism, polygon, solana, toncoin. Arbitrum is a Layer 2 solution on top of Ethereum that uses Optimistic Rollups to enhance scalability and reduce transaction costs. It assumes that transactions are valid by default and only verifies them if there's a challenge (optimistic): Core Components: • Sequencer: Orders transactions and creates batches for processing. • Bridge: Facilitates asset transfers between Arbitrum and Ethereum. • Fraud Proofs: Protect against invalid transactions through an interactive verification process. Verification Process: 1. Transaction Submission: Users submit transactions to the Arbitrum Sequencer, which orders and batches them. 2. State Commitment: These batches are submitted to Ethereum with a state commitment. 3. Challenge Period: Validators have a specific period to challenge the state if they suspect fraud. 4. Dispute Resolution: If a challenge occurs, the dispute is resolved through an iterative process to identify the fraudulent transaction. The final operation is executed on Ethereum to determine the correct state. 5. Rollback and Penalties: If fraud is proven, the state is rolled back, and the dishonest party is penalized. Security and Efficiency: The combination of the Sequencer, bridge, and interactive fraud proofs ensures that the system remains secure and efficient. By minimizing on-chain data and leveraging off-chain computations, Arbitrum can provide high throughput and low fees. The Avalanche blockchain network employs a unique Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanism called Avalanche Consensus, which involves three interconnected protocols: Snowball, Snowflake, and Avalanche. Avalanche Consensus Process 1. Snowball Protocol: o Random Sampling: Each validator randomly samples a small, constant-sized subset of other validators. Repeated Polling: Validators repeatedly poll the sampled validators to determine the preferred transaction. Confidence Counters: Validators maintain confidence counters for each transaction, incrementing them each time a sampled validator supports their preferred transaction. Decision Threshold: Once the confidence counter exceeds a pre-defined threshold, the transaction is considered accepted. 2. Snowflake Protocol: Binary Decision: Enhances the Snowball protocol by incorporating a binary decision process. Validators decide between two conflicting transactions. Binary Confidence: Confidence counters are used to track the preferred binary decision. Finality: When a binary decision reaches a certain confidence level, it becomes final. 3. Avalanche Protocol: DAG Structure: Uses a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure to organize transactions, allowing for parallel processing and higher throughput. Transaction Ordering: Transactions are added to the DAG based on their dependencies, ensuring a consistent order. Consensus on DAG: While most Proof-of-Stake Protocols use a Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus, Avalanche uses the Avalanche Consensus, Validators reach consensus on the structure and contents of the DAG through repeated Snowball and Snowflake. The Ethereum network uses a Proof-of-Stake Consensus Mechanism to validate new transactions on the blockchain. Core Components 1. Validators: Validators are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To become a validator, a user must deposit (stake) 32 ETH into a smart contract. This stake acts as collateral and can be slashed if the validator behaves dishonestly. 2. Beacon Chain: The Beacon Chain is the backbone of Ethereum 2.0. It coordinates the network of validators and manages the consensus protocol. It is responsible for creating new blocks, organizing validators into committees, and implementing the finality of blocks. Consensus Process 1. Block Proposal: Validators are chosen randomly to propose new blocks. This selection is based on a weighted random function (WRF), where the weight is determined by the amount of ETH staked. 2. Attestation: Validators not proposing a block participate in attestation. They attest to the validity of the proposed block by voting for it. Attestations are then aggregated to form a single proof of the block’s validity. 3. Committees: Validators are organized into committees to streamline the validation process. Each committee is responsible for validating blocks within a specific shard or the Beacon Chain itself. This ensures decentralization and security, as a smaller group of validators can quickly reach consensus. 4. Finality: Ethereum 2.0 uses a mechanism called Casper FFG (Friendly Finality Gadget) to achieve finality. Finality means that a block and its transactions are considered irreversible and confirmed. Validators vote on the finality of blocks, and once a supermajority is reached, the block is finalized. 5. Incentives and Penalties: Validators earn rewards for participating in the network, including proposing blocks and attesting to their validity. Conversely, validators can be penalized (slashed) for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or being offline for extended periods. This ensures honest participation and network security. Fantom operates on the Lachesis Protocol, an Asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (aBFT) consensus mechanism designed for fast, secure, and scalable transactions. Core Components of Fantom’s Consensus: 1. Lachesis Protocol (aBFT): Asynchronous and Leaderless: Lachesis allows nodes to reach consensus independently without relying on a central leader, enhancing decentralization and speed. DAG Structure: Instead of a linear blockchain, Lachesis uses a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) structure, allowing multiple transactions to be processed in parallel across nodes. This structure supports high throughput, making the network suitable for applications requiring rapid transaction processing. 2. Event Blocks and Instant Finality: Event Blocks: Transactions are grouped into event blocks, which are validated asynchronously by multiple validators. When enough validators confirm an event block, it becomes part of the Fantom network’s history. Instant Finality: Transactions on Fantom achieve immediate finality, meaning they are confirmed and cannot be reversed. This property is ideal for applications requiring fast and irreversible transactions. Moonbeam employs a Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism combined with the Polkadot relay chain for enhanced scalability, finality, and security. It utilizes collators and validators, with finality provided by the GRANDPA finality gadget, ensuring deterministic block finality. Key Features of Moonbeam's Consensus Mechanism: 1. Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS): Collators and Validators: In Moonbeam’s DPoS system, collators maintain the parachain by collecting transactions from users and producing state transition proofs. The collator set is chosen based on the stake they have, including delegated stake. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their stake to collator candidates. The top collator candidates, including those with delegated stake, join the active set. Collators in the active set are randomly selected to produce blocks. Stakes and Block Production: Once a collator is in the active set, their total stake does not impact their chance of being selected to produce blocks. 2. Polkadot Relay Chain Integration: Moonbeam is built as a parachain on Polkadot, which provides shared security, scalability, and consensus. The relay chain validators ensure that Moonbeam’s blocks are validated and secured. 3. GRANDPA Finality: Deterministic Finality: Moonbeam relies on Polkadot’s GRANDPA finality gadget, which provides fast and deterministic finality for transactions. When a block is finalized, it cannot be reverted except through on-chain governance or forking. Parallel Finality: The finality process in Moonbeam occurs simultaneously with block production, unlike Ethereum, which has slower finality. GRANDPA allows for the quick confirmation of blocks, often within a single block on Moonbeam. 4. Block Production: Blocks are produced by collators who are selected based on their stake and delegated stake, contributing to the network’s decentralized nature. The NEAR Protocol uses a unique consensus mechanism combining Proof of Stake (PoS) and a novel approach called Doomslug, which enables high efficiency, fast transaction processing, and secure finality in its operations. Here's an overview of how it works: Core Concepts 1. Doomslug and Proof of Stake: - NEAR's consensus mechanism primarily revolves around PoS, where validators stake NEAR tokens to participate in securing the network. However, NEAR's implementation is enhanced with the Doomslug protocol. - Doomslug allows the network to achieve fast block finality by requiring blocks to be confirmed in two stages. Validators propose blocks in the first step, and finalization occurs when two-thirds of validators approve the block, ensuring rapid transaction confirmation. 2. Sharding with Nightshade: - NEAR uses a dynamic sharding technique called Nightshade. This method splits the network into multiple shards, enabling parallel processing of transactions across the network, thus significantly increasing throughput. Each shard processes a portion of transactions, and the outcomes are merged into a single "snapshot" block. - This sharding approach ensures scalability, allowing the network to grow and handle increasing demand efficiently. Consensus Process 1. Validator Selection: - Validators are selected to propose and validate blocks based on the amount of NEAR tokens staked. This selection process is designed to ensure that only validators with significant stakes and community trust participate in securing the network. 2. Transaction Finality: - NEAR achieves transaction finality through its PoS-based system, where validators vote on blocks. Once two-thirds of validators approve a block, it reaches finality under Doomslug, meaning that no forks can alter the confirmed state. 3. Epochs and Rotation: - Validators are rotated in epochs to ensure fairness and decentralization. Epochs are intervals in which validators are reshuffled, and new block proposers are selected, ensuring a balance between performance and decentralization. Optimism is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that uses Optimistic Rollups to increase transaction throughput and reduce costs while inheriting the security of the Ethereum main chain. Core Components 1. Optimistic Rollups: Rollup Blocks: Transactions are batched into rollup blocks and processed off-chain. State Commitments: The state of these transactions is periodically committed to the Ethereum main chain. 2. Sequencers: Transaction Ordering: Sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches. State Updates: Sequencers update the state of the rollup and submit these updates to the Ethereum main chain. Block Production: They construct and execute Layer 2 blocks, which are then posted to Ethereum. 3. Fraud Proofs: Assumption of Validity: Transactions are assumed to be valid by default. Challenge Period: A specific time window during which anyone can challenge a transaction by submitting a fraud proof. Dispute Resolution: If a transaction is challenged, an interactive verification game is played to determine its validity. If fraud is detected, the invalid state is rolled back, and the dishonest participant is penalized. Consensus Process 1. Transaction Submission: Users submit transactions to the sequencer, which orders them into batches. 2. Batch Processing: The sequencer processes these transactions off-chain, updating the Layer 2 state. 3. State Commitment: The updated state and the batch of transactions are periodically committed to the Ethereum main chain. This is done by posting the state root (a cryptographic hash representing the state) and transaction data as calldata on Ethereum. 4. Fraud Proofs and Challenges: Once a batch is posted, there is a challenge period during which anyone can submit a fraud proof if they believe a transaction is invalid. Interactive Verification: The dispute is resolved through an interactive verification game, which involves breaking down the transaction into smaller steps to identify the exact point of fraud. Rollbacks and Penalties: If fraud is proven, the batch is rolled back, and the dishonest actor loses their staked collateral as a penalty. 5. Finality: After the challenge period, if no fraud proof is submitted, the batch is considered final. This means the transactions are accepted as valid, and the state updates are permanent. Polygon, formerly known as Matic Network, is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that employs a hybrid consensus mechanism. Here’s a detailed explanation of how Polygon achieves consensus: Core Concepts 1. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validator Selection: Validators on the Polygon network are selected based on the number of MATIC tokens they have staked. The more tokens staked, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Delegation: Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their MATIC tokens to validators. Delegators share in the rewards earned by validators. 2. Plasma Chains: Off-Chain Scaling: Plasma is a framework for creating child chains that operate alongside the main Ethereum chain. These child chains can process transactions off-chain and submit only the final state to the Ethereum main chain, significantly increasing throughput and reducing congestion. Fraud Proofs: Plasma uses a fraud-proof mechanism to ensure the security of off-chain transactions. If a fraudulent transaction is detected, it can be challenged and reverted. Consensus Process 3. Transaction Validation: Transactions are first validated by validators who have staked MATIC tokens. These validators confirm the validity of transactions and include them in blocks. 4. Block Production: Proposing and Voting: Validators propose new blocks based on their staked tokens and participate in a voting process to reach consensus on the next block. The block with the majority of votes is added to the blockchain. Checkpointing: Polygon uses periodic checkpointing, where snapshots of the Polygon sidechain are submitted to the Ethereum main chain. This process ensures the security and finality of transactions on the Polygon network. 5. Plasma Framework: Child Chains: Transactions can be processed on child chains created using the Plasma framework. These transactions are validated off-chain and only the final state is submitted to the Ethereum main chain. Fraud Proofs: If a fraudulent transaction occurs, it can be challenged within a certain period using fraud proofs. This mechanism ensures the integrity of off-chain transactions. Security and Economic Incentives 6. Incentives for Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators earn rewards for staking MATIC tokens and participating in the consensus process. These rewards are distributed in MATIC tokens and are proportional to the amount staked and the performance of the validator. Transaction Fees: Validators also earn a portion of the transaction fees paid by users. This provides an additional financial incentive to maintain the network’s integrity and efficiency. 7. Delegation: Shared Rewards: Delegators earn a share of the rewards earned by the validators they delegate to. This encourages more token holders to participate in securing the network by choosing reliable validators. 8. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior or failure to perform their duties. This penalty, known as slashing, involves the loss of a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring that validators act in the best interest of the network. Solana uses a unique combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to achieve high throughput, low latency, and robust security. Here’s a detailed explanation of how these mechanisms work: Core Concepts 1. Proof of History (PoH): Time-Stamped Transactions: PoH is a cryptographic technique that timestamps transactions, creating a historical record that proves that an event has occurred at a specific moment in time. Verifiable Delay Function: PoH uses a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) to generate a unique hash that includes the transaction and the time it was processed. This sequence of hashes provides a verifiable order of events, enabling the network to efficiently agree on the sequence of transactions. 2. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validator Selection: Validators are chosen to produce new blocks based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. The more tokens staked, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, earning rewards proportional to their stake while enhancing the network's security. Consensus Process 1. Transaction Validation: Transactions are broadcast to the network and collected by validators. Each transaction is validated to ensure it meets the network’s criteria, such as having correct signatures and sufficient funds. 2. PoH Sequence Generation: A validator generates a sequence of hashes using PoH, each containing a timestamp and the previous hash. This process creates a historical record of transactions, establishing a cryptographic clock for the network. 3. Block Production: The network uses PoS to select a leader validator based on their stake. The leader is responsible for bundling the validated transactions into a block. The leader validator uses the PoH sequence to order transactions within the block, ensuring that all transactions are processed in the correct order. 4. Consensus and Finalization: Other validators verify the block produced by the leader validator. They check the correctness of the PoH sequence and validate the transactions within the block. Once the block is verified, it is added to the blockchain. Validators sign off on the block, and it is considered finalized. Security and Economic Incentives 1. Incentives for Validators: Block Rewards: Validators earn rewards for producing and validating blocks. These rewards are distributed in SOL tokens and are proportional to the validator’s stake and performance. Transaction Fees: Validators also earn transaction fees from the transactions included in the blocks they produce. These fees provide an additional incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently. 2. Security: Staking: Validators must stake SOL tokens to participate in the consensus process. This staking acts as collateral, incentivizing validators to act honestly. If a validator behaves maliciously or fails to perform, they risk losing their staked tokens. Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, enhancing network security and decentralization. Delegators share in the rewards and are incentivized to choose reliable validators. 3. Economic Penalties: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or producing invalid blocks. This penalty, known as slashing, results in the loss of a portion of the staked tokens, discouraging dishonest actions. Toncoin utilizes a Proof of Stake (PoS) model with the Catchain consensus algorithm to provide a secure, scalable, and efficient multi-chain environment. Core Components of Toncoin’s Consensus: 1. Proof of Stake (PoS) with Validators: Validator Role: Validators are required to stake Toncoin to participate in consensus. They validate transactions and secure the network by processing blocks and maintaining network integrity. 2. Catchain Consensus Algorithm: High Scalability and Speed: The Catchain consensus protocol is specifically designed for Toncoin’s multi-chain architecture, optimizing for fast and scalable operations across multiple shards. Multi-Chain Compatibility: Catchain supports a sharded environment, allowing different chains (or shards) to reach consensus efficiently. This approach enhances the network’s ability to process a high volume of transactions in parallel. 3. Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT): Fault Tolerance: The Catchain protocol is Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT), meaning it can tolerate some level of malicious or faulty behavior among validators. This BFT compliance ensures that the network remains secure and functional even when a minority of validators act maliciously. 4. Validator Rotation and Slashing: Regular Rotation: Validators are rotated regularly to enhance decentralization and security. This system prevents any single validator or group from maintaining control over consensus indefinitely. Slashing for Malicious Behavior: Validators who act maliciously or fail to perform their duties may be penalized through slashing, losing a portion of their staked Toncoin. This discourages dishonest behavior and promotes reliable network participation.
Anreizmechanismen und anfallende Gebühren
wrapped_bitcoin is present on the following networks: arbitrum, avalanche, ethereum, fantom, moonbeam, near_protocol, optimism, polygon, solana, toncoin. Arbitrum One, a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum, employs several incentive mechanisms to ensure the security and integrity of transactions on its network. The key mechanisms include: 1. Validators and Sequencers: o Sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches that are processed off-chain. They play a critical role in maintaining the efficiency and throughput of the network. o Validators monitor the sequencers' actions and ensure that transactions are processed correctly. Validators verify the state transitions and ensure that no invalid transactions are included in the batches. 2. Fraud Proofs: o Assumption of Validity: Transactions processed off-chain are assumed to be valid. This allows for quick transaction finality and high throughput. o Challenge Period: There is a predefined period during which anyone can challenge the validity of a transaction by submitting a fraud proof. This mechanism acts as a deterrent against malicious behavior. o Dispute Resolution: If a challenge is raised, an interactive verification process is initiated to pinpoint the exact step where fraud occurred. If the challenge is valid, the fraudulent transaction is reverted, and the dishonest actor is penalized. 3. Economic Incentives: o Rewards for Honest Behavior: Participants in the network, such as validators and sequencers, are incentivized through rewards for performing their duties honestly and efficiently. These rewards come from transaction fees and potentially other protocol incentives. o Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Participants who engage in dishonest behavior or submit invalid transactions are penalized. This can include slashing of staked tokens or other forms of economic penalties, which serve to discourage malicious actions. Fees on the Arbitrum One Blockchain 1. Transaction Fees: o Layer 2 Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are typically lower than Ethereum mainnet fees due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. o Arbitrum Transaction Fee: A fee is charged for each transaction processed by the sequencer. This fee covers the cost of processing the transaction and ensuring its inclusion in a batch. 2. L1 Data Fees: o Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, the state updates from the Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee, known as the L1 data fee, which accounts for the gas required to publish these state updates on Ethereum. o Cost Sharing: Because transactions are batched, the fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions, making it more cost-effective for users. Avalanche uses a consensus mechanism known as Avalanche Consensus, which relies on a combination of validators, staking, and a novel approach to consensus to ensure the network's security and integrity. Validators: Staking: Validators on the Avalanche network are required to stake AVAX tokens. The amount staked influences their probability of being selected to propose or validate new blocks. Rewards: Validators earn rewards for their participation in the consensus process. These rewards are proportional to the amount of AVAX staked and their uptime and performance in validating transactions. Delegation: Validators can also accept delegations from other token holders. Delegators share in the rewards based on the amount they delegate, which incentivizes smaller holders to participate indirectly in securing the network. 2. Economic Incentives: Block Rewards: Validators receive block rewards for proposing and validating blocks. These rewards are distributed from the network’s inflationary issuance of AVAX tokens. Transaction Fees: Validators also earn a portion of the transaction fees paid by users. This includes fees for simple transactions, smart contract interactions, and the creation of new assets on the network. 3. Penalties: Slashing: Unlike some other PoS systems, Avalanche does not employ slashing (i.e., the confiscation of staked tokens) as a penalty for misbehavior. Instead, the network relies on the financial disincentive of lost future rewards for validators who are not consistently online or act maliciously. o Uptime Requirements: Validators must maintain a high level of uptime and correctly validate transactions to continue earning rewards. Poor performance or malicious actions result in missed rewards, providing a strong economic incentive to act honestly. Fees on the Avalanche Blockchain 1. Transaction Fees: Dynamic Fees: Transaction fees on Avalanche are dynamic, varying based on network demand and the complexity of the transactions. This ensures that fees remain fair and proportional to the network's usage. Fee Burning: A portion of the transaction fees is burned, permanently removing them from circulation. This deflationary mechanism helps to balance the inflation from block rewards and incentivizes token holders by potentially increasing the value of AVAX over time. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts are determined by the computational resources required. These fees ensure that the network remains efficient and that resources are used responsibly. 3. Asset Creation Fees: New Asset Creation: There are fees associated with creating new assets (tokens) on the Avalanche network. These fees help to prevent spam and ensure that only serious projects use the network's resources. Ethereum, particularly after transitioning to Ethereum 2.0 (Eth2), employs a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to secure its network. The incentives for validators and the fee structures play crucial roles in maintaining the security and efficiency of the blockchain. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Staking Rewards: Validator Rewards: Validators are essential to the PoS mechanism. They are responsible for proposing and validating new blocks. To participate, they must stake a minimum of 32 ETH. In return, they earn rewards for their contributions, which are paid out in ETH. These rewards are a combination of newly minted ETH and transaction fees from the blocks they validate. Reward Rate: The reward rate for validators is dynamic and depends on the total amount of ETH staked in the network. The more ETH staked, the lower the individual reward rate, and vice versa. This is designed to balance the network's security and the incentive to participate. 2. Transaction Fees: Base Fee: After the implementation of Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) 1559, the transaction fee model changed to include a base fee that is burned (i.e., removed from circulation). This base fee adjusts dynamically based on network demand, aiming to stabilize transaction fees and reduce volatility. Priority Fee (Tip): Users can also include a priority fee (tip) to incentivize validators to include their transactions more quickly. This fee goes directly to the validators, providing them with an additional incentive to process transactions efficiently. 3. Penalties for Malicious Behavior: Slashing: Validators face penalties (slashing) if they engage in malicious behavior, such as double-signing or validating incorrect information. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of their staked ETH, discouraging bad actors and ensuring that validators act in the network's best interest. Inactivity Penalties: Validators also face penalties for prolonged inactivity. This ensures that validators remain active and engaged in maintaining the network's security and operation. Fees Applicable on the Ethereum Blockchain 1. Gas Fees: Calculation: Gas fees are calculated based on the computational complexity of transactions and smart contract executions. Each operation on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) has an associated gas cost. Dynamic Adjustment: The base fee introduced by EIP-1559 dynamically adjusts according to network congestion. When demand for block space is high, the base fee increases, and when demand is low, it decreases. 2. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Interaction: Deploying a smart contract on Ethereum involves paying gas fees proportional to the contract's complexity and size. Interacting with deployed smart contracts (e.g., executing functions, transferring tokens) also incurs gas fees. Optimizations: Developers are incentivized to optimize their smart contracts to minimize gas usage, making transactions more cost-effective for users. 3. Asset Transfer Fees: Token Transfers: Transferring ERC-20 or other token standards involves gas fees. These fees vary based on the token's contract implementation and the current network demand. Fantom’s incentive model promotes network security through staking rewards, transaction fees, and delegation options, encouraging broad participation. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Staking Rewards for Validators: Earning Rewards in FTM: Validators who participate in the consensus process earn rewards in FTM tokens, proportional to the amount they have staked. This incentivizes validators to actively secure the network. Dynamic Staking Rate: Fantom’s staking reward rate is dynamic, adjusting based on total FTM staked across the network. As more FTM is staked, individual rewards may decrease, maintaining a balanced reward structure that supports long-term network security. 2. Delegation for Token Holders: Delegated Staking: Users who do not operate validator nodes can delegate their FTM tokens to validators. In return, they share in the staking rewards, encouraging wider participation in securing the network. Applicable Fees: • Transaction Fees in FTM: Users pay transaction fees in FTM tokens. The network’s high throughput and DAG structure keep fees low, making Fantom ideal for decentralized applications (dApps) requiring frequent transactions. • Efficient Fee Model: The low fees and scalability of the network make it cost-effective for users, fostering a favorable environment for high-volume applications. Moonbeam incentivizes participation through staking rewards for collators and token holders, alongside transaction fees. Here's an overview of the incentive mechanism and applicable fees: Incentive Mechanism: 1. Collator Rewards: Block Rewards: Collators are rewarded with newly minted tokens for successfully producing and validating blocks. These rewards are distributed proportionally to the collators in the active set. Transaction Fees: Collators also earn transaction fees from the transactions included in the blocks they produce. These fees are paid by users to prioritize their transactions. 2. Delegation Rewards: Delegated Stake: Token holders can delegate their stake to collator candidates. By doing so, they share in the rewards earned by the collators to whom they delegate their tokens. This incentivizes the broader community to participate in governance and block production. Voting Power: Token holders who delegate their stake to collators help secure the network and participate in the selection of active collators. 3. Governance Participation: Voting on Network Proposals: Moonbeam uses its native tokens to allow participants to vote on governance proposals, helping to influence the future direction of the network and incentivizing active involvement in network management. Applicable Fees: 1. Transaction Fees: Fee Calculation: Transaction fees on Moonbeam are determined based on the complexity and size of the transaction. Users pay these fees in the native token (GLMR), which are distributed to the collators. Fee Distribution: The fees are split between collators, incentivizing them to process transactions efficiently. The amount of transaction fees can vary depending on network congestion and the size of the transaction. 2. Staking Fees: Collator Staking: Collators must stake a certain amount of tokens to be eligible for block production. They are incentivized with staking rewards and transaction fees for ensuring the network’s security and functionality. 3. Governance Fees: Voting Fees: Users may need to pay small fees to participate in governance, such as proposing changes or voting on proposals. These fees ensure governance is utilized effectively and prevents spam on the network. NEAR Protocol employs several economic mechanisms to secure the network and incentivize participation: Incentive Mechanisms to Secure Transactions: 1. Staking Rewards: Validators and delegators secure the network by staking NEAR tokens. Validators earn around 5% annual inflation, with 90% of newly minted tokens distributed as staking rewards. Validators propose blocks, validate transactions, and receive a share of these rewards based on their staked tokens. Delegators earn rewards proportional to their delegation, encouraging broad participation. 2. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their NEAR tokens to validators to increase the validator's stake and improve the chances of being selected to validate transactions. Delegators share in the validator's rewards based on their delegated tokens, incentivizing users to support reliable validators. 3. Slashing and Economic Penalties: Validators face penalties for malicious behavior, such as failing to validate correctly or acting dishonestly. The slashing mechanism enforces security by deducting a portion of their staked tokens, ensuring validators follow the network's best interests. 4. Epoch Rotation and Validator Selection: Validators are rotated regularly during epochs to ensure fairness and prevent centralization. Each epoch reshuffles validators, allowing the protocol to balance decentralization with performance. Fees on the NEAR Blockchain: 1. Transaction Fees: Users pay fees in NEAR tokens for transaction processing, which are burned to reduce the total circulating supply, introducing a potential deflationary effect over time. Validators also receive a portion of transaction fees as additional rewards, providing an ongoing incentive for network maintenance. 2. Storage Fees: NEAR Protocol charges storage fees based on the amount of blockchain storage consumed by accounts, contracts, and data. This requires users to hold NEAR tokens as a deposit proportional to their storage usage, ensuring the efficient use of network resources. 3. Redistribution and Burning: A portion of the transaction fees (burned NEAR tokens) reduces the overall supply, while the rest is distributed to validators as compensation for their work. The burning mechanism helps maintain long-term economic sustainability and potential value appreciation for NEAR holders. 4. Reserve Requirement: Users must maintain a minimum account balance and reserves for data storage, encouraging efficient use of resources and preventing spam attacks. Optimism, an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution, uses Optimistic Rollups to increase transaction throughput and reduce costs while maintaining security and decentralization. Here's an in-depth look at the incentive mechanisms and applicable fees within the Optimism protocol: Incentive Mechanisms 1. Sequencers: Transaction Ordering: Sequencers are responsible for ordering and batching transactions off-chain. They play a critical role in maintaining the efficiency and speed of the network. Economic Incentives: Sequencers earn transaction fees from users. These fees incentivize sequencers to process transactions quickly and accurately. 2. Validators and Fraud Proofs: Assumption of Validity: In Optimistic Rollups, transactions are assumed to be valid by default. This allows for quick transaction finality. Challenge Mechanism: Validators (or anyone) can challenge the validity of a transaction by submitting a fraud proof during a specified challenge period. This mechanism ensures that invalid transactions are detected and reverted. Challenge Rewards: Successful challengers are rewarded for identifying and proving fraudulent transactions. This incentivizes participants to actively monitor the network for invalid transactions, thereby enhancing security. 3. Economic Penalties: Fraud Proof Penalties: If a sequencer includes an invalid transaction and it is successfully challenged, they face economic penalties, such as losing a portion of their staked collateral. This discourages dishonest behavior. Inactivity and Misbehavior: Validators and sequencers are also incentivized to remain active and behave correctly, as inactivity or misbehavior can lead to penalties and loss of rewards. Fees Applicable on the Optimism Layer 2 Protocol 1. Transaction Fees: Layer 2 Transaction Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are generally lower than Ethereum mainnet fees due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. Cost Efficiency: By batching multiple transactions into a single batch, Optimism reduces the overall cost per transaction, making it more economical for users. 2. L1 Data Fees: Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, the state updates from Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee known as the L1 data fee, which covers the gas cost of publishing these state updates on Ethereum. Cost Sharing: The fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions within a batch, reducing the cost burden on individual transactions. 3. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Optimism are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume. Polygon uses a combination of Proof of Stake (PoS) and the Plasma framework to ensure network security, incentivize participation, and maintain transaction integrity. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators on Polygon secure the network by staking MATIC tokens. They are selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks based on the number of tokens they have staked. Validators earn rewards in the form of newly minted MATIC tokens and transaction fees for their services. Block Production: Validators are responsible for proposing and voting on new blocks. The selected validator proposes a block, and other validators verify and validate it. Validators are incentivized to act honestly and efficiently to earn rewards and avoid penalties. Checkpointing: Validators periodically submit checkpoints to the Ethereum main chain, ensuring the security and finality of transactions processed on Polygon. This provides an additional layer of security by leveraging Ethereum's robustness. 2. Delegators: Delegation: Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their MATIC tokens to trusted validators. Delegators earn a portion of the rewards earned by the validators, incentivizing them to choose reliable and performant validators. Shared Rewards: Rewards earned by validators are shared with delegators, based on the proportion of tokens delegated. This system encourages widespread participation and enhances the network's decentralization. 3. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized through a process called slashing if they engage in malicious behavior or fail to perform their duties correctly. This includes double-signing or going offline for extended periods. Slashing results in the loss of a portion of the staked tokens, acting as a strong deterrent against dishonest actions. Bond Requirements: Validators are required to bond a significant amount of MATIC tokens to participate in the consensus process, ensuring they have a vested interest in maintaining network security and integrity. Fees on the Polygon Blockchain 4. Transaction Fees: Low Fees: One of Polygon's main advantages is its low transaction fees compared to the Ethereum main chain. The fees are paid in MATIC tokens and are designed to be affordable to encourage high transaction throughput and user adoption. Dynamic Fees: Fees on Polygon can vary depending on network congestion and transaction complexity. However, they remain significantly lower than those on Ethereum, making Polygon an attractive option for users and developers. 5. Smart Contract Fees: Deployment and Execution Costs: Deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Polygon incurs fees based on the computational resources required. These fees are also paid in MATIC tokens and are much lower than on Ethereum, making it cost-effective for developers to build and maintain decentralized applications (dApps) on Polygon. 6. Plasma Framework: State Transfers and Withdrawals: The Plasma framework allows for off-chain processing of transactions, which are periodically batched and committed to the Ethereum main chain. Fees associated with these processes are also paid in MATIC tokens, and they help reduce the overall cost of using the network. Solana uses a combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to secure its network and validate transactions. Here’s a detailed explanation of the incentive mechanisms and applicable fees: Incentive Mechanisms 4. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators are chosen based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. They earn rewards for producing and validating blocks, which are distributed in SOL. The more tokens staked, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Transaction Fees: Validators earn a portion of the transaction fees paid by users for the transactions they include in the blocks. This provides an additional financial incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently and maintain the network's integrity. 5. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their SOL tokens to a validator. In return, delegators share in the rewards earned by the validators. This encourages widespread participation in securing the network and ensures decentralization. 6. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as producing invalid blocks or being frequently offline. This penalty, known as slashing, involves the loss of a portion of their staked tokens. Slashing deters dishonest actions and ensures that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: By staking SOL tokens, validators and delegators lock up their tokens, which could otherwise be used or sold. This opportunity cost incentivizes participants to act honestly to earn rewards and avoid penalties. Fees Applicable on the Solana Blockchain 7. Transaction Fees: Low and Predictable Fees: Solana is designed to handle a high throughput of transactions, which helps keep fees low and predictable. The average transaction fee on Solana is significantly lower compared to other blockchains like Ethereum. Fee Structure: Fees are paid in SOL and are used to compensate validators for the resources they expend to process transactions. This includes computational power and network bandwidth. 8. Rent Fees: State Storage: Solana charges rent fees for storing data on the blockchain. These fees are designed to discourage inefficient use of state storage and encourage developers to clean up unused state. Rent fees help maintain the efficiency and performance of the network. 9. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Similar to transaction fees, fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Solana are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume. Toncoin incentivizes network security, participation, and efficiency through staking rewards, transaction fees, and slashing penalties. Incentive Mechanisms: 1. Staking Rewards for Validators: Rewards for Securing the Network: Validators earn staking rewards for actively participating in the network’s consensus process and ensuring its security. These rewards are provided in Toncoin and are proportional to each validator’s staked amount, encouraging validators to maintain their roles responsibly. 2. Transaction Fees: Ongoing Income for Validators: Validators also receive a share of transaction fees from the blocks they validate, providing a consistent reward that grows with network usage. This additional income incentivizes validators to process transactions accurately and efficiently. 3. Decentralization through Validator Rotation: Fair and Balanced Participation: The frequent rotation of validators ensures that new participants can join the validator set, promoting decentralization and preventing monopolization of the network by a small group of validators. 4. Slashing Mechanism: Penalties for Dishonest Behavior: To maintain security, Toncoin enforces a slashing mechanism that penalizes validators who act maliciously or fail to fulfill their duties. This risk of losing staked Toncoin encourages validators to behave honestly and fulfill their responsibilities. Applicable Fees: Transaction Fees: Transaction fees on the TON blockchain are paid in Toncoin. These fees vary based on transaction complexity and network demand, ensuring that validators are compensated for their work and that resources are efficiently utilized.
Beginn des Zeitraums, auf die sich die Angaben beziehen
2024-04-20
Ende des Zeitraums, auf die sich die Angaben beziehen
2025-04-20
Energiebericht
Energieverbrauch
81843.78412 (kWh/a)
Quellen und Verfahren im Bezug auf den Energieverbrauch
The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) arbitrum, avalanche, ethereum, fantom, moonbeam, near_protocol, optimism, polygon, solana, toncoin is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.

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