Курс Velo

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Velo

Velo is present on the following networks: optimism, stellar. Optimism is a Layer 2 scaling solution for Ethereum that uses Optimistic Rollups to increase transaction throughput and reduce costs while inheriting the security of the Ethereum main chain. Core Components 1. Optimistic Rollups: Rollup Blocks: Transactions are batched into rollup blocks and processed off-chain. State Commitments: The state of these transactions is periodically committed to the Ethereum main chain. 2. Sequencers: Transaction Ordering: Sequencers are responsible for ordering transactions and creating batches. State Updates: Sequencers update the state of the rollup and submit these updates to the Ethereum main chain. Block Production: They construct and execute Layer 2 blocks, which are then posted to Ethereum. 3. Fraud Proofs: Assumption of Validity: Transactions are assumed to be valid by default. Challenge Period: A specific time window during which anyone can challenge a transaction by submitting a fraud proof. Dispute Resolution: If a transaction is challenged, an interactive verification game is played to determine its validity. If fraud is detected, the invalid state is rolled back, and the dishonest participant is penalized. Consensus Process 1. Transaction Submission: Users submit transactions to the sequencer, which orders them into batches. 2. Batch Processing: The sequencer processes these transactions off-chain, updating the Layer 2 state. 3. State Commitment: The updated state and the batch of transactions are periodically committed to the Ethereum main chain. This is done by posting the state root (a cryptographic hash representing the state) and transaction data as calldata on Ethereum. 4. Fraud Proofs and Challenges: Once a batch is posted, there is a challenge period during which anyone can submit a fraud proof if they believe a transaction is invalid. Interactive Verification: The dispute is resolved through an interactive verification game, which involves breaking down the transaction into smaller steps to identify the exact point of fraud. Rollbacks and Penalties: If fraud is proven, the batch is rolled back, and the dishonest actor loses their staked collateral as a penalty. 5. Finality: After the challenge period, if no fraud proof is submitted, the batch is considered final. This means the transactions are accepted as valid, and the state updates are permanent. Stellar uses a unique consensus mechanism known as the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP): Core Concepts 1. Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA): SCP is built on the principles of Federated Byzantine Agreement (FBA), which allows decentralized, leaderless consensus without the need for a closed system of trusted participants. Quorum Slices: Each node in the network selects a set of other nodes (quorum slice) that it trusts. Consensus is achieved when these slices overlap and collectively agree on the transaction state. 2. Nodes and Validators: Nodes: Nodes running the Stellar software participate in the network by validating transactions and maintaining the ledger. Validators: Nodes that are responsible for validating transactions and reaching consensus on the state of the ledger. Consensus Process 3. Transaction Validation: Transactions are submitted to the network and nodes validate them based on predetermined rules, such as sufficient balances and valid signatures. 4. Nomination Phase: Nomination: Nodes nominate values (proposed transactions) that they believe should be included in the next ledger. Nodes communicate their nominations to their quorum slices. Agreement on Nominations: Nodes vote on the nominated values, and through a process of voting and federated agreement, a set of candidate values emerges. This phase continues until nodes agree on a single value or a set of values. 5. Ballot Protocol (Voting and Acceptance): Balloting: The agreed-upon values from the nomination phase are then put into ballots. Each ballot goes through multiple rounds of voting, where nodes vote to either accept or reject the proposed values. Federated Voting: Nodes exchange votes within their quorum slices, and if a value receives sufficient votes across overlapping slices, it moves to the next stage. Acceptance and Confirmation: If a value gathers enough votes through multiple stages (prepare, confirm, externalize), it is accepted and externalized as the next state of the ledger. 6. Ledger Update: Once consensus is reached, the new transactions are recorded in the ledger. Nodes update their copies of the ledger to reflect the new state. Security and Economic Incentives 7. Trust and Quorum Slices: Nodes are free to choose their own quorum slices, which provides flexibility and decentralization. The overlapping nature of quorum slices ensures that the network can reach consensus even if some nodes are faulty or malicious. 8. Stability and Security: SCP ensures that the network can achieve consensus efficiently without relying on energy-intensive mining processes. This makes it environmentally friendly and suitable for high-throughput applications. 9. Incentive Mechanisms: Unlike Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS) systems, Stellar does not rely on direct economic incentives like mining rewards. Instead, the network incentivizes participation through the intrinsic value of maintaining a secure, efficient, and reliable payment network.

Velo is present on the following networks: optimism, stellar. Optimism, an Ethereum Layer 2 scaling solution, uses Optimistic Rollups to increase transaction throughput and reduce costs while maintaining security and decentralization. Here's an in-depth look at the incentive mechanisms and applicable fees within the Optimism protocol: Incentive Mechanisms 1. Sequencers: Transaction Ordering: Sequencers are responsible for ordering and batching transactions off-chain. They play a critical role in maintaining the efficiency and speed of the network. Economic Incentives: Sequencers earn transaction fees from users. These fees incentivize sequencers to process transactions quickly and accurately. 2. Validators and Fraud Proofs: Assumption of Validity: In Optimistic Rollups, transactions are assumed to be valid by default. This allows for quick transaction finality. Challenge Mechanism: Validators (or anyone) can challenge the validity of a transaction by submitting a fraud proof during a specified challenge period. This mechanism ensures that invalid transactions are detected and reverted. Challenge Rewards: Successful challengers are rewarded for identifying and proving fraudulent transactions. This incentivizes participants to actively monitor the network for invalid transactions, thereby enhancing security. 3. Economic Penalties: Fraud Proof Penalties: If a sequencer includes an invalid transaction and it is successfully challenged, they face economic penalties, such as losing a portion of their staked collateral. This discourages dishonest behavior. Inactivity and Misbehavior: Validators and sequencers are also incentivized to remain active and behave correctly, as inactivity or misbehavior can lead to penalties and loss of rewards. Fees Applicable on the Optimism Layer 2 Protocol 1. Transaction Fees: Layer 2 Transaction Fees: Users pay fees for transactions processed on the Layer 2 network. These fees are generally lower than Ethereum mainnet fees due to the reduced computational load on the main chain. Cost Efficiency: By batching multiple transactions into a single batch, Optimism reduces the overall cost per transaction, making it more economical for users. 2. L1 Data Fees: Posting Batches to Ethereum: Periodically, the state updates from Layer 2 transactions are posted to the Ethereum mainnet as calldata. This involves a fee known as the L1 data fee, which covers the gas cost of publishing these state updates on Ethereum. Cost Sharing: The fixed costs of posting state updates to Ethereum are spread across multiple transactions within a batch, reducing the cost burden on individual transactions. 3. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Optimism are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume. Stellar’s consensus mechanism, the Stellar Consensus Protocol (SCP), is designed to achieve decentralized and secure transaction validation through a federated Byzantine agreement (FBA) model. Unlike Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake (PoS) systems, Stellar does not rely on direct economic incentives like mining rewards. Instead, it ensures network security and transaction validation through intrinsic network mechanisms and transaction fees. Incentive Mechanisms 1. Quorum Slices and Trust: Quorum Slices: Each node in the Stellar network selects other nodes it trusts to form a quorum slice. Consensus is achieved through the intersection of these slices, creating a robust and decentralized trust network. Federated Voting: Nodes communicate their votes within their quorum slices, and through multiple rounds of federated voting, they agree on the transaction state. This process ensures that even if some nodes are compromised, the network can still achieve consensus securely. 2. Intrinsic Value and Participation: Network Value: The intrinsic value of participating in a secure, efficient, and reliable payment network incentivizes nodes to act honestly and maintain network security. Organizations and individuals running nodes benefit from the network’s functionality and the ability to facilitate transactions. Decentralization: By allowing nodes to choose their own quorum slices, Stellar promotes decentralization, reducing the risk of central points of failure and making the network more resilient to attacks. Fees on the Stellar Blockchain 3. Transaction Fees: Flat Fee Structure: Each transaction on the Stellar network incurs a flat fee of 0.00001 XLM (known as a base fee). This low and predictable fee structure makes Stellar suitable for micropayments and high-volume transactions. Spam Prevention: The transaction fee serves as a deterrent against spam attacks. By requiring a small fee for each transaction, Stellar ensures that the network remains efficient and that resources are not wasted on processing malicious or frivolous transactions. 4. Operational Costs: Minimal Fees: The minimal transaction fees on Stellar not only prevent spam but also cover the operational costs of running the network. This ensures that the network can sustain itself without placing a significant financial burden on users. 5. Reserve Requirements: Account Reserves: To create a new account on the Stellar network, a minimum balance of 1 XLM is required. This reserve requirement prevents the creation of an excessive number of accounts, further protecting the network from spam and ensuring efficient resource usage. Trustline and Offer Reserves: Additional reserve requirements exist for creating trustlines and offers on the Stellar decentralized exchange (DEX). These reserves help maintain network integrity and prevent abuse.

2024-04-02

2025-04-02

1468.78787 (kWh/a)

The energy consumption of this asset is aggregated across multiple components: To determine the energy consumption of a token, the energy consumption of the network(s) optimism, stellar is calculated first. Based on the crypto asset's gas consumption per network, the share of the total consumption of the respective network that is assigned to this asset is defined. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.