The social content on this page ("Content"), including but not limited to tweets and statistics provided by LunarCrush, is sourced from third parties and provided "as is" for informational purposes only. OKX does not guarantee the quality or accuracy of the Content, and the Content does not represent the views of OKX. It is not intended to provide (i) investment advice or recommendation; (ii) an offer or solicitation to buy, sell or hold digital assets; or (iii) financial, accounting, legal or tax advice. Digital assets, including stablecoins and NFTs, involve a high degree of risk, can fluctuate greatly. The price and performance of the digital assets are not guaranteed and may change without notice. OKX does not provide investment or asset recommendations. You should carefully consider whether trading or holding digital assets is suitable for you in light of your financial condition. Please consult your legal/tax/investment professional for questions about your specific circumstances. For further details, please refer to our Terms of Use and Risk Warning. By using the third-party website ("TPW"), you accept that any use of the TPW will be subject to and governed by the terms of the TPW. Unless expressly stated in writing, OKX and its affiliates (“OKX”) are not in any way associated with the owner or operator of the TPW. You agree that OKX is not responsible or liable for any loss, damage and any other consequences arising from your use of the TPW. Please be aware that using a TPW may result in a loss or diminution of your assets. Product may not be available in all jurisdictions.
Solana market info
Market cap
Market cap is calculated by multiplying the circulating supply of a coin with its latest price. Market cap = Circulating supply × Last price
Circulating supply
Total amount of a coin that is publicly available on the market.
Market cap ranking
A coin's ranking in terms of market cap value.
All-time high
Highest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
All-time low
Lowest price a coin has reached in its trading history.
The AGENTS will come back strong, I believe so 🔥
@virtuals_io @KaitoAI
Coin Bureau
🎙️NEW INTERVIEW🎙️
AI agents are changing crypto as we know it. @nicrypto chats with @ethermage, co-founder of Virtuals Protocol, on NPCs, on-chain AI, token value, and why they launched on Base — not Solana.
590
0
D.O.G.E. Memecoin
Department
Of
Government
Efficiency
📝 ETH:
0x1121AcC14c63f3C872BFcA497d10926A6098AAc5
📝SOL:
KQijDbNJ6rPCqhtXrfH6gKa5cH3a39At8vHq34nnPbF
📝 BASE:
0x67f0870BB897F5E1c369976b4A2962d527B9562c
3.34K
0
⛩️小筑Hutflow
Review of the first half of 2025:
January opportunities: The big money opportunity was Trump. Missing out on this might mean missing out for many years, but small investors were relatively indifferent. (Looking at the $1.5 billion market cap, I didn’t feel much. I underestimated the influence of a confirmed president compared to a potential president, as I had participated in several of his projects before, but none had reached billions. This made me realize the difference between a confirmed president and a potential one.)
TST was also a relatively good opportunity, favored by mid-to-small investors.
ai16z also surged from a $200 million market cap to $2 billion during this period.
February opportunities: Shorting various coins across the board, pi coin listing, IP, and kaito were decent opportunities. However, there were no iconic opportunities this month.
March opportunities: The BSC ecosystem exploded, with mubark, tut, sonic’s shadow, etc., experiencing a surge for a period.
April opportunities: BTC, ETH, and SOL all dropped to their bottoms. The market began to rebound due to Trump releasing positive news. BIG, RFC, troll, etc., were all considered phase opportunities. Additionally, Binance Alpha’s TGE started gaining traction, and four’s skyai transfer launch occurred. Dark and MTN were also decent opportunities.
May opportunities: Exchange market trends exploded, with virtual and SUI being noteworthy. BOOP, launchcoin, lestbonk listed some coins, and Adventure Island NXPC’s BSC chain offered low prices. These opportunities were also decent.
The above are opportunities we understood and participated in, but ultimately didn’t achieve great results, requiring some reflection.
This year’s market lacked fixed characteristics and sustainability. Scammers were aggressive with their KPIs, and many who made money last year lost a lot back, with account balances shrinking by 80%. Everyone feels a sense of crisis, especially those who didn’t achieve results last year and could rest easy.
Under these circumstances, the post-2000 generation, as the main active force in the P small group, is generally pragmatic and doesn’t dream much. Without violent funds or focus, market caps rise and fall quickly, unlike last year’s projects that could stabilize at certain heights.
Binance’s listing strategy this year often chooses coins with its own chips, and there are so many TGE projects that they created Alpha to attract Web2 players and achieve growth.
In summary, Binance’s own coins can’t even get listed, and scammers don’t care about your traffic. It’s more cost-effective to find traffic outside the circle. This year’s theme is a money-grabbing rhythm, from Trump to P small groups—it’s all about grabbing and profiting. In this atmosphere, protecting principal, reducing participation frequency, and filtering out distractions to cultivate one’s mindset becomes especially important.
The purpose of P is to screen out leaders that can be held overnight with confidence. Generally, they have a very standout angle and are currently unique in the market, making them easy to focus on. Later followers, even with similar fundamentals, find it hard to become leaders, even stronger ones like grok and RFC, both from Musk. By the time grok came around, the concept had been used many times, and even though it was more explicit, funds struggled to generate fantasies.
Recently, the hot launchcoin was somewhat unexpected and can’t be called inevitable. However, its advantage lies in the platform coin aspect, which is traceable. But currently, we don’t fully understand the relationship between platform coins, launches, and dev interests, as the project team hasn’t made it clear.
BOOP’s launch purpose was also to grab pump traffic, but the model hasn’t taken off. Letsbonk is also grabbing, but its background and overall funding seem to be lacking.
Everything points to false prosperity and fragmented development. In this market environment, what we should do is observe more, act less, cultivate our mindset, build mutual trust, sense the market atmosphere, and find the most unique and standout angle, rather than trying to climb through peripheral connections like I did.
This year’s patterns are difficult, and we should all feel the crisis of being eliminated. Market funds are insufficient on one hand, and on the other, we haven’t updated our methods or tools for a long time. It’s time to learn.
Not making money isn’t necessarily shameful. It’s not so important if it’s not something you led or discovered. While we all want a commendable track record, the result is what truly matters.
Abandon fantasies—either you’re the leader, or you’re a retail investor.
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土澳大狮兄BroLeon
Spinach is probably the most serious blockchain researcher I've met in Australia.
Although he looks quite young, in this era where stories of Gen Z getting rich overnight with crypto resonate constantly, how many young people can sit down and write long academic papers seriously?
The incident where Spinach's article on RWA was plagiarized by a Colombian student for their thesis also indirectly proves the value of his work.
So after several meetings and exchanges, Spinach ultimately decided to continue focusing on RWA and joined Pharos to test the waters. I'm genuinely happy for him.
Specialization and diversification are two different paths. If you believe in RWA, diving deep into it is a pretty good choice. Keep it up and bring glory to the Australian crypto community.
菠菜菠菜｜bocaibocai
Hello, I am Spinach. Thank you for witnessing my three years of growth in the Web3 industry. Today, I am officially announcing my new role: Head of RWA APAC Strategy at Pharos @pharos_network 🐙 (The testnet has just launched, and everyone is welcome to try it out!)
Recently, the topic of being 23 years old has been trending. Looking back over the past three years:
At 23, I became a content creator in the Web3 field, successfully gaining 10,000 followers and starting my journey in the Web3 space.
At 24, I personally participated in the RWA pilot projects of three central banks, engaging deeply with central banks, governments, traditional finance, and international organizations, and witnessing the potential for the fusion of two worlds.
At 25, I was honored to join Pharos as the Head of RWA for the public blockchain, embarking on a brand-new journey of life exploration.
They say Web3 is dead, full of hype. My intuition tells me the opposite.
- "The industrial revolution had to wait for a financial revolution."
Recently, Dr. Xiao Feng's speech "Starting from the Origin" sparked heated discussions in the industry. Looking back at the long river of history, this pattern is clear:
From the earliest city-state civilizations to maritime trade and the Renaissance, to the steam engine era and the electrification era, and now to the Internet revolution, every leap in accounting methods has profoundly changed the scale of economies and organizational forms.
Today, blockchain's distributed ledger is reconstructing the way global capital flows. Asset tokenization is becoming a new form of assets, and the token economy will give rise to new economic models that change how humans collaborate.
- The future financial system will be a fusion of traditional finance and blockchain technology. It's not about one replacing the other but about who builds the bridge first.
RWA is not a shortcut, but I firmly believe it is the right direction. Like the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, it doesn't surge overnight but flows day and night, eventually reshaping the landscape.
When we see major traditional financial institutions actively embracing RWA, central banks viewing blockchain and tokenization as the next-generation financial system, and the new SEC chairman in the U.S. comparing RWA to the transition from analog vinyl records to tapes and then to digital software, I know the wind is coming 🌬️. The era of RWA is about to arrive!
Why Pharos?
Choosing to join a project is like choosing a ship. The ship's performance determines how far you can sail, the captain's vision determines where you will go, and the crew's configuration determines the stability of the voyage.
The core team members come from Ant Group, with extensive experience in blockchain technology. It is currently the highest-performing parallel EVM blockchain comparable to Solana and one of the few teams capable of innovating at the blockchain infrastructure level.
In terms of business layout, Ant Group, as a pioneer in the RWA field, has set a benchmark case with its Hong Kong RWA project, which has been widely studied and discussed, benefiting from Pharos' strong Ant background.
This unique background advantage allows Pharos to directly connect with traditional financial institutions, gaining a first-mover advantage in the tokenization of massive RWA assets and creating a unique moat of industrial synergy value.
Pharos' differentiated strategy: not blindly participating in the "arms race" of the public blockchain track but leveraging its unique technical advantages and big-company background to focus on RWAFi, payments, and AI in three major areas.
This allows Pharos to break out of homogeneous competition and focus on truly valuable issues—how to seamlessly migrate real-world application scenarios onto the blockchain.
What moved me most was the down-to-earth attitude of the Pharos team. They don't talk about "revolution" or "disruption" but focus on solving real problems. In an industry full of exaggeration, this pragmatic spirit is especially precious.
Pharos, the lighthouse of ancient Alexandria in Greece, guided sailors through the fog. In this blockchain sea, we need just such a lighthouse to illuminate the course.
And I am honored to be one of the guardians of this lighthouse.
The Web3 world needs more "bilinguals"—those who understand the cutting-edge thinking of Web3 and blockchain technology and are also well-versed in the operational logic of traditional financial systems and regulatory frameworks.
To be able to navigate and translate accurately between these two seemingly parallel but inevitably converging worlds, this might be the value I can bring.
I look forward to your continued support in the future!
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Jakey
Metamask might be the most consistent fumbler in crypto lol.
Legit 4 years too late.
Cointelegraph
🔥 NEW: Metamask co-founder confirms native $SOL support is coming this May.
The current price of Solana is $168.13. Over the last 24 hours, Solana has decreased by -2.55%. It currently has a circulating supply of 519,817,628 SOL and a maximum supply of 600,945,983 SOL, giving it a fully diluted market cap of $87.36B. At present, the Solana coin holds the 5 position in market cap rankings. The Solana/USD price is updated in real-time.
The rating provided is an aggregated rating collected by OKX from the sources provided and is for informational purpose only. OKX does not guarantee the quality or accuracy of the ratings. It is not intended to provide (i) investment advice or recommendation; (ii) an offer or solicitation to buy, sell or hold digital assets; or (iii) financial, accounting, legal or tax advice. Digital assets, including stablecoins and NFTs, involve a high degree of risk, can fluctuate greatly, and can even become worthless. The price and performance of the digital assets are not guaranteed and may change without notice. Your digital assets are not covered by insurance against potential losses. Historical returns are not indicative of future returns. OKX does not guarantee any return, repayment of principal or interest. OKX does not provide investment or asset recommendations. You should carefully consider whether trading or holding digital assets is suitable for you in light of your financial condition. Please consult your legal/ tax/ investment professional for questions about your specific circumstances.
By using the third-party website ("TPW"), you accept that any use of the TPW will be subject to and governed by the terms of the TPW. Unless expressly stated in writing, OKX and its affiliates ("OKX") are not in any way associated with the owner or operator of the TPW. You agree that OKX is not responsible or liable for any loss, damage and any other consequences arising from your use of the TPW. Please be aware that using a TPW may result in a loss or diminution of your assets.
Solana describes itself as a third-generation network designed to solve the blockchain trilemma – the notoriously difficult feat of improving performance without compromising decentralization and security. Solana might succeed where first and second-generation blockchains have struggled by introducing innovative methodologies to optimize a blockchain network's speed while retaining a high level of decentralization.
Solana's decision to focus on finding a balance between speed, security, and decentralization stems from the need to create enabling environments for launching world-class decentralized applications (DApps). The goal is to provide a blockchain network to help DApps attain the same functionality and user experience that their centralized counterparts offer.
The Solana ecosystem has SOL as its base currency, which users can use to make payments, settle related fees, and participate in the network's staking economy. The digital asset also doubles as Solana's governance currency. In essence, SOL holders can vote on proposals that would, in turn, determine the type of changes and upgrades adopted by the Solana ecosystem.
How does Solana work
Like most blockchains, Solana relies on a consensus algorithm. Such algorithms ensure blockchains don't require intermediary entities like Visa or PayPal to execute and validate transactions. However, rather than opt for the energy-intensive and slower Proof of Work (PoW) consensus protocol like Bitcoin, Solana has adopted a more dynamic alternative that gives room for highly scalable and eco-friendly operations.
Specifically, Solana’s dynamic consensus system combines the in-house designed Proof of History (PoH) protocol and the popular Proof of Stake (PoS) model. PoH creates a historical record of events and transactions and allows the system to process transactions faster and more efficiently.
Armed with these two consensus mechanisms, Solana can reportedly process up to 50,000 transactions per second, which is why it is often called the "Visa of the crypto world." This is an exceptional feat considering that Ethereum, the most popular application-based blockchain, currently has a maximum theoretical TPS of 119. According to Solana, developments are underway to increase the current maximum transaction size possible on the network, which currently stands at 1,232 bytes. QUIC, a Google-built transaction ingestion protocol currently live on Solana's Mainnet-beta, could be the key to unlocking a larger transaction size.
Solana provides a flexible development tool kit that supports three popular programming languages: Rust, C, and C++. Solana has also highlighted community-driven efforts to allow on-chain programs to be written in other languages such as Python via Seahorse. Proponents of Solana argue that the possibility of writing smart contract codes with multiple programming languages will help developers access a more familiar and flexible development environment, unlike what we have on blockchains with native smart contract languages.
Additionally, the Solana blockchain has a block propagation protocol named Turbine that makes data distribution faster across the network. Finally, Solana uses Gulf Stream, a Mempool-less transaction forwarding protocol that enables validators to execute transactions beforehand.
Solana's high-speed and low-cost transactions make it an attractive platform for DeFi applications. It supports various DeFi projects, including decentralized exchanges (DEX), lending and borrowing platforms, and yield farming protocols. Furthermore, with its ability to handle a large number of transactions per second, Solana is a suitable platform for blockchain-based games. Developers can build interactive and scalable games on Solana that offer rewards in SOL or other tokens.
SOL price and tokenomics
Launched in March 2020, SOL initially sold for $0.22 to supporters through a public auction, successfully raising $1.76 million. The subsequent surge in Solana's value led to a significant private token sale round in June 2021, generating a substantial $314 million for Solana Labs. The funds raised in this round are earmarked for the development and promotion of a robust and expansive decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem on the Solana blockchain.
Over the years, the Solana team conducted five funding rounds, starting with a seed round of $3.17 million, followed by three private funding rounds that eventually culminated in a $20 million Series A. An additional $1.76 million was raised through a public auction in March 2022 with CoinList. These funding efforts have propelled Solana's growth and positioned it as a prominent player in the blockchain space.
The SOL price reached its all time high of $259.69 back in November 7, 2021. Although the Solana price fell sharply and stagnated in the years following, the latter part of 2023 saw the token gain bullish momentum. SOL prices reached above $100 for the first time in almost two years during late January 2024, and continued its uptrend to hit $195.72 on March 24, 2024. Various factors have contributed to the Solana price rise, but many commentators attribute it to the growing strength of the network. Solana surpassed rival smart contract blockchain Ethereum for decentralized exchange (DEX) volume during March 2024, reportedly due to a flurry of activity surrounding Solana-based memecoins and a superior volume to total value locked for Solana.
Key tools and technologies in the Solana ecosystem
Launched in October 2021, the Jupiter swap aggregator is considered by many to be an influential part of Solana's success. Jupiter aggregates liquidity for Solana, helping users to find the best prices with minimal volatility and slippage.
Meanwhile, Magic Eden is the largest non-fungible token (NFT) marketplace on Solana. The platform allows users to buy, sell, and mint digital collectibles, and also provides various resources to help developers build their own projects. Although Magic Eden is a major NFT marketplace on the Solana network, it also supports other chains including Polygon, Base, Ethereum, and Bitcoin Ordinals.
Another key tool in the Solana ecosystem is Pyth Network. This blockchain oracle allows smart contracts to interact with real-world price data in real-time. Data is collected from a large quantity of sources including exchanges, market makers, and financial services providers. Significantly, Pyth Network can find and publish off-chain data on-chain, powering DApps (and their users) with access to high-fidelity real-time market data.
SOL distribution
The initial supply of SOL, totaling 500,000 tokens, was distributed among various entities involved in Solana's early funding rounds. Notably, a portion was allocated to investors in the Seed round, while another share was reserved for participants in the Series A rounds. Additionally, some tokens were sold in a public sale, and a portion was distributed among the founding team members who contributed to the project's development. Furthermore, the Solana Foundation, a not-for-profit entity supporting Solana initiatives, received its share of tokens. Lastly, a community reserve fund, managed by the Solana Foundation, also received a portion of the initial supply to support the broader Solana community.
About the founders
Anatoly Yakovenko, a software engineer, first introduced Solana in 2017 when he published a whitepaper where he proposed the concept of Proof of History and how it can optimize the throughput of blockchains. Before venturing into the blockchain ecosystem, Yakovenko worked at Qualcomm and Dropbox as a software engineer.
After introducing the Solana project, Yakovenko teamed up with one of his former Qualcomm colleagues, Greg Fitzgerald, to co-found Solana Labs, the software development company responsible for building and maintaining the Proof of History-based blockchain network. Along the line, Yakovenko and Fitzgerald recruited more former Qualcomm colleagues.
Number of posts mentioning a token in the last 24h. This can help gauge the level of interest surrounding this token.
Contributors
Number of individuals posting about a token in the last 24h. A higher number of contributors can suggest improved token performance.
Interactions
Sum of socially-driven online engagement in the last 24h, such as likes, comments, and reposts. High engagement levels can indicate strong interest in a token.
Sentiment
Percentage score reflecting post sentiment in the last 24h. A high percentage score correlates with positive sentiment and can indicate improved market performance.
Volume rank
Volume refers to post volume in the last 24h. A higher volume ranking reflects a token’s favored position relative to other tokens.
In the last 24 hours, there have been 72K new posts about Solana, driven by 27K contributors, and total online engagement reached 27M social interactions. The sentiment score for Solana currently stands at 81%. Compared to all cryptocurrencies, post volume for Solana currently ranks at 153. Keep an eye on changes to social metrics as they can be key indicators of the influence and reach of Solana.
Powered by LunarCrush
Posts
72,064
Contributors
27,473
Interactions
26,515,993
Sentiment
81%
Volume rank
#153
X
Posts
60,057
Interactions
17,247,332
Sentiment
81%
Solana FAQ
What is Solana?
Solana is a blockchain network that focuses on providing lightning-fast transaction speed without compromising security or decentralization. Like Ethereum, Solana enables the smart contract infrastructure necessary for launching and running decentralized applications and tokens.
How does Solana work?
Solana combines the Proof of History (PoH) protocol and Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism to establish a dynamic and lightning-quick means of achieving consensus and transferring value on the blockchain. The PoH protocol enables the synchrony of all computers connected to the Solana network and establishes the chronological ordering of historical data. On the other hand, PoS governs the processes involved in picking validators and assigning tasks to them.
What can I do with SOL?
After you buy SOL, you can use your SOL tokens to explore the Solana blockchain and pay for transactions and services on-chain. You can access popular DeFi protocols, collect and trade trending Solana NFTs, and stake tokens to a validator to earn staking rewards.
Where can I buy SOL?
Easily buy SOL tokens on the OKX cryptocurrency platform. Available trading pairs in the OKX spot trading terminal include SOL/USDT, SOL/USDC, SOL/BTC, and SOL/ETH.
To view the estimated real-time conversion prices between fiat currencies, such as the USD, EUR, GBP, and others, into SOL, visit the OKX Crypto Converter Calculator. OKX's high-liquidity crypto exchange ensures the best prices for your crypto purchases.
How much is 1 Solana worth today?
Currently, one Solana is worth $168.13. For answers and insight into Solana's price action, you're in the right place. Explore the latest Solana charts and trade responsibly with OKX.
What is cryptocurrency?
Cryptocurrencies, such as Solana, are digital assets that operate on a public ledger called blockchains. Learn more about coins and tokens offered on OKX and their different attributes, which includes live prices and real-time charts.
When was cryptocurrency invented?
Thanks to the 2008 financial crisis, interest in decentralized finance boomed. Bitcoin offered a novel solution by being a secure digital asset on a decentralized network. Since then, many other tokens such as Solana have been created as well.
Watch this video to learn about what happens when you move your money to a crypto exchange.
ESG Disclosure
ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) regulations for crypto assets aim to address their environmental impact (e.g., energy-intensive mining), promote transparency, and ensure ethical governance practices to align the crypto industry with broader sustainability and societal goals. These regulations encourage compliance with standards that mitigate risks and foster trust in digital assets.
Asset details
Name
OKcoin Europe LTD
Relevant legal entity identifier
54930069NLWEIGLHXU42
Name of the crypto-asset
Solana SOL
Consensus Mechanism
Solana uses a unique combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to achieve high throughput, low latency, and robust security. Here’s a detailed explanation of how these mechanisms work: Core Concepts 1. Proof of History (PoH): Time-Stamped Transactions: PoH is a cryptographic technique that timestamps transactions, creating a historical record that proves that an event has occurred at a specific moment in time. Verifiable Delay Function: PoH uses a Verifiable Delay Function (VDF) to generate a unique hash that includes the transaction and the time it was processed. This sequence of hashes provides a verifiable order of events, enabling the network to efficiently agree on the sequence of transactions. 2. Proof of Stake (PoS): Validator Selection: Validators are chosen to produce new blocks based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. The more tokens staked, the higher the chance of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Delegation: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, earning rewards proportional to their stake while enhancing the network's security. Consensus Process 1. Transaction Validation: Transactions are broadcast to the network and collected by validators. Each transaction is validated to ensure it meets the network’s criteria, such as having correct signatures and sufficient funds. 2. PoH Sequence Generation: A validator generates a sequence of hashes using PoH, each containing a timestamp and the previous hash. This process creates a historical record of transactions, establishing a cryptographic clock for the network. 3. Block Production: The network uses PoS to select a leader validator based on their stake. The leader is responsible for bundling the validated transactions into a block. The leader validator uses the PoH sequence to order transactions within the block, ensuring that all transactions are processed in the correct order. 4. Consensus and Finalization: Other validators verify the block produced by the leader validator. They check the correctness of the PoH sequence and validate the transactions within the block. Once the block is verified, it is added to the blockchain. Validators sign off on the block, and it is considered finalized. Security and Economic Incentives 1. Incentives for Validators: Block Rewards: Validators earn rewards for producing and validating blocks. These rewards are distributed in SOL tokens and are proportional to the validator’s stake and performance. Transaction Fees: Validators also earn transaction fees from the transactions included in the blocks they produce. These fees provide an additional incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently. 2. Security: Staking: Validators must stake SOL tokens to participate in the consensus process. This staking acts as collateral, incentivizing validators to act honestly. If a validator behaves maliciously or fails to perform, they risk losing their staked tokens. Delegated Staking: Token holders can delegate their SOL tokens to validators, enhancing network security and decentralization. Delegators share in the rewards and are incentivized to choose reliable validators. 3. Economic Penalties: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as double-signing or producing invalid blocks. This penalty, known as slashing, results in the loss of a portion of the staked tokens, discouraging dishonest actions.
Incentive Mechanisms and Applicable Fees
Solana uses a combination of Proof of History (PoH) and Proof of Stake (PoS) to secure its network and validate transactions. Here’s a detailed explanation of the incentive mechanisms and applicable fees: Incentive Mechanisms 4. Validators: Staking Rewards: Validators are chosen based on the number of SOL tokens they have staked. They earn rewards for producing and validating blocks, which are distributed in SOL. The more tokens staked, the higher the chances of being selected to validate transactions and produce new blocks. Transaction Fees: Validators earn a portion of the transaction fees paid by users for the transactions they include in the blocks. This provides an additional financial incentive for validators to process transactions efficiently and maintain the network's integrity. 5. Delegators: Delegated Staking: Token holders who do not wish to run a validator node can delegate their SOL tokens to a validator. In return, delegators share in the rewards earned by the validators. This encourages widespread participation in securing the network and ensures decentralization. 6. Economic Security: Slashing: Validators can be penalized for malicious behavior, such as producing invalid blocks or being frequently offline. This penalty, known as slashing, involves the loss of a portion of their staked tokens. Slashing deters dishonest actions and ensures that validators act in the best interest of the network. Opportunity Cost: By staking SOL tokens, validators and delegators lock up their tokens, which could otherwise be used or sold. This opportunity cost incentivizes participants to act honestly to earn rewards and avoid penalties. Fees Applicable on the Solana Blockchain 7. Transaction Fees: Low and Predictable Fees: Solana is designed to handle a high throughput of transactions, which helps keep fees low and predictable. The average transaction fee on Solana is significantly lower compared to other blockchains like Ethereum. Fee Structure: Fees are paid in SOL and are used to compensate validators for the resources they expend to process transactions. This includes computational power and network bandwidth. 8. Rent Fees: State Storage: Solana charges rent fees for storing data on the blockchain. These fees are designed to discourage inefficient use of state storage and encourage developers to clean up unused state. Rent fees help maintain the efficiency and performance of the network. 9. Smart Contract Fees: Execution Costs: Similar to transaction fees, fees for deploying and interacting with smart contracts on Solana are based on the computational resources required. This ensures that users are charged proportionally for the resources they consume.
Beginning of the period to which the disclosure relates
2024-04-20
End of the period to which the disclosure relates
2025-04-20
Energy report
Energy consumption
6438600.00000 (kWh/a)
Renewable energy consumption
14.770208242 (%)
Energy intensity
0.00000 (kWh)
Key energy sources and methodologies
To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from the European Environment Agency (EEA) and thus determined. The intensity is calculated as the marginal energy cost wrt. one more transaction.
Energy consumption sources and methodologies
For the calculation of energy consumptions, the so called “bottom-up” approach is being used. The nodes are considered to be the central factor for the energy consumption of the network. These assumptions are made on the basis of empirical findings through the use of public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. The main determinants for estimating the hardware used within the network are the requirements for operating the client software. The energy consumption of the hardware devices was measured in certified test laboratories. When calculating the energy consumption, we used - if available - the Functionally Fungible Group Digital Token Identifier (FFG DTI) to determine all implementations of the asset of question in scope and we update the mappings regulary, based on data of the Digital Token Identifier Foundation.
Emissions report
Scope 1 DLT GHG emissions – Controlled
0.00000 (tCO2e/a)
Scope 2 DLT GHG emissions - Purchased
2247.77172 (tCO2e/a)
GHG intensity
0.00000 (kgCO2e)
Key GHG sources and methodologies
To determine the proportion of renewable energy usage, the locations of the nodes are to be determined using public information sites, open-source crawlers and crawlers developed in-house. If no information is available on the geographic distribution of the nodes, reference networks are used which are comparable in terms of their incentivization structure and consensus mechanism. This geo-information is merged with public information from the European Environment Agency (EEA) and thus determined. The intensity is calculated as the marginal emission wrt. one more transaction.
Socials